A Guide to Water Conservation - Saving Water and the Earth
Water conservation is the careful use and preservation of the water supply, including the quantity and quality of water utilized. Water is a vital resource for the sustenance of all life. The primary demand for all activities suitable for local use is from the agricultural industry.
With the regularly expanding human population, there has been significant pressure on water resources. The negligence of customary water bodies, such as tanks and lakes, unpredictable groundwater abuse, and improper preservation of surface water systems have contributed to the issue. Still further, it is undoubtedly going to grow in the years to come.
There are various approaches to making your water last nowadays. One simple yet often overlooked strategy to reduce your water bill is to reuse your water. Unlike electricity, water can be reused repeatedly. That's the idea of water conservation.
Key Facts about our water:
Water is the most important natural resource that living things need. However, it has also been misused and wasted. To better grasp the full significance of water conservation, take a look at the few yet key facts about water:
- The average adult human body comprises 50-65 percent of water. They are averaging around 57-60 percent. Infants have a higher percentage. Often around 75-78% water, dropping to 65% by one year.
- The Earth has a limited amount of water. The water we have now is all we get, recycled repeatedly. The water cycle can help you understand this condition.
- Water is a basic requirement for every food. It grows our fruits and vegetables, and each livestock consumes it.
- A plant's life is dependent on water. Plants play a crucial role in the ecosystem, producing the oxygen necessary to keep us healthy. Trees are generally used for housing, paper, and many other purposes.
- Ninety-seven percent (97%) of all water on Earth is saltwater, which is unsuitable for drinking.
- Only three percent (3%) of water on Earth is freshwater. Only 0.5% is available and is suitable for drinking.
- The other 2.5% of freshwater is found in glaciers, ice caps, the atmosphere, soil, or underground, or is too polluted for consumption.
What is Water Conservation?
Water Conservation is the efficient preservation, control, and management of water resources.
Water conservation has become essential in every part of the world, including regions where water appears to be abundant. It is the most practical and environmentally friendly approach to reduce our need for water. Likewise, using less water puts less strain on our sewage treatment facilities, which require considerable energy for heating water.
Main reasons to conserve water:
- Conserving water saves energy. Energy is essential for filtering, heating, and pumping water to your home, so reducing your water use also decreases your carbon footprint.
- Consuming less water helps conserve more water in our environment and supports the preservation of wetland habitats, which are best suited for creatures like otters, water voles, herons, and fish. This is particularly significant during dry season periods.
- Conserving water can save you money. If you have a water meter, the less water you use, the less your water company might charge you.
For the past 50 years, freshwater extraction from icebergs has expanded threefold. Due to life's progression, a greater amount of water is required. This also implies a growth in interest in the power supply for water.
Conserving water can also extend the life of your septic system. This is achieved by reducing soil immersion and minimizing any contamination caused by leaks. Overloading municipal sewer systems can also cause untreated sewage to flow to lakes and rivers. The smaller the amount of water coursing through these systems, the lower the probability of contamination. A few groups, such as the community-wide domestic water preservation initiative, avoided the development of an expensive sewage system.
What are the Water-Related Problems?
The primary issues with water are water scarcity, shortages of clean water, and waterborne diseases. A lack of safe water caused 80% of all deaths worldwide. More than 5 million people die yearly from water-related diseases such as hepatitis A, dysentery, and severe diarrhea.
Approximately 900 million to 1.1 billion people worldwide lack clean drinking water, and 2.4 billion lack basic sanitation. Water demand is increasing at a rate faster than population growth. Over the past 70 years, while the world's population has tripled, water demand has increased sixfold. The United Nations estimates that by 2025, 5 billion of the world's 8 billion people will live in areas where water is scarce. Many people will struggle to access sufficient water to meet their basic needs.
Increasing populations, growing agricultural production, industrialization, and high living standards have all contributed to a surge in water demand. All this while drought, overuse, and pollution have decreased the supplies. Water is often drawn from lakes, rivers, and wetlands to compensate for this shortfall, resulting in serious environmental damage. A 2003 United Nations report states, "Across the globe, groundwater is being depleted by the demands of megacities and agriculture, while fertilizer runoff and pollution threaten water quality and public health."
Every week, there are alarming predictions about water, including disease outbreaks, crop disasters, starvation, famines, and war. Safe drinking water and sanitation are significant challenges in many developing countries, ranging from shantytowns and rural areas to impoverished urban cities. At least in rural areas, the poor can dig wells and maintain sanitation in their fields.
Water Pollution
A significant portion of the pollution in rural areas is caused by untreated sewage, which stems from a lack of toilets and inadequate sewer systems. Salts, fertilizers, and pesticides from irrigated land contaminate the water and groundwater supplies, and saltwater enters overused aquifers. Places with sewers often lack wastewater treatment facilities, and the sewage is discharged directly into the water supplies, a source from which people draw.
Agriculture-related pollution, including fertilizers, pesticides, animal waste, herbicides, salts from evaporated irrigation water, and silt from deforestation, washes into streams, rivers, lakes, ponds, and the sea. This agricultural runoff sometimes severs, creating "dead zones" in coastal water zones.
Industry-related water pollution stems from mining and manufacturing processes that release toxic chemicals and heavy metals. Power plant emissions then create acid rain, which contaminates surface water.
People often bathe, wash their clothes, and swim in disgusting water. They also drink water of uncertain quality from ponds and streams used by animals.
The water and air around cities are polluted, and water shortages and poor quality in rural areas remain prevalent.
Water Shortages
Many countries worldwide face serious water shortages, with the root cause not being a shortage of water, but rather overpopulation. The worst one to know is knowing people living in places where it is unfit for human habitation. Often, water shortages are local problems rather than national ones. Water shortages are particularly severe in areas with limited rainfall and a large population.
Repeated drilling and well construction caused the water table to drop as much as six feet per year in some areas. This is the reason water tables are falling almost everywhere. Rich countries can compensate for these shortages in some areas by building dams, tapping deep water aquifers, importing food, recycling wastewater, or desalinating seawater. Unfortunately, developing countries are particularly vulnerable to these issues.
Water shortages are also a significant problem in many cities. Water is only turned on a couple of times daily for about half an hour. People with financial means can have special storage tanks to collect water during these times. This allows them to have water available around the clock. People without storage tanks collect water in jugs and buckets and often take bucket baths when water is not turned on.
Global warming can exacerbate water shortages in some areas and lead to new water shortages in others.
Solutions to Water Problems
There are significant disagreements between environmentalists and agriculturists regarding the management of available water. But, water experts say that progress in cleaning water and making it cheap has only encouraged people to waste it.
However, the goal of planners in solving water problems is to keep water affordable so that poor people can access it, and to keep it expensive so that people don't waste it. In places where water is subsidized, people tend to waste it due to the low prices. The obvious solution was to end the subsidies.
The most practical solution is to reuse and recycle water. Some cities can meet up to 20% of their water needs by recycling water. Worldwide, two-thirds of urban water doesn't get treated. Systems that treat and reuse water are often the least costly. The most efficient way to clean water, but one that requires assistance in overcoming the aversion, is to use drinking water derived from sewage.
Ultraviolet radiation is a popular method for disinfecting water, but its effectiveness is reduced when the water contains sediments and sludge. For places where water is collected from dirty ponds and lakes, people must clean it by folding clean clothes several times before placing them over a jug as the water passes through them. The cloth acts as a filter from all sorts of disease-causing organisms.
Women in Bangladesh have undergone this process, not out of necessity, but out of tradition. But instead of using cloth, they used cotton to remove the coarse debris. The best way to employ this method is to fold the cloth into four or eight thicknesses, wash it, and then sun-dry the cloth after each filtering. At least, this method can remove the zooplankton that carries diseases such as cholera.
Water Conservation As A Solution
These old, tried-and-true methods are being brought back to conserve water through harvesting, transporting, and storing rainwater. These methods are brought back because modern technology can't solve problems in small communities. Systems that utilize catchments, gutters, and other channels, as well as storage tanks, employ gravity or pump-driven delivery systems. These are cheaper or at least equal to drilling and building a well.
Raised ridges up to 10 meters wide alternate with shallow canals to channel water. They are either harvested rain or diverted river water. This helps water crops, stores heat, and keeps the fields warm on cold nights.
Saving WATER is IMPORTANT!
Since safe and clean water is scarce, people often have limited access to fresh water. They can control their water consumption to avoid waste and shortage. We know that the planet is mostly covered with saltwater. It can only be consumed after a desalination process, which is quite expensive. Saving water is crucial for humans and all the species on Earth.
Events such as droughts further limit access to clean and fresh water. This means people must take extra steps to reduce water use and save as much water as possible. In some areas of the world, access to water is limited due to contamination.
Water is Life!
Everything on Earth requires water to sustain itself. But abusing it means reducing its ability to satisfy this basic necessity. Water is a limited resource. While Earth is a self-contained ecosystem, the planet always has, and will always have, the same amount of water. The population growth puts a strain on water supplies. And clean water is reduced by the pollution and contamination that humankind creates.
People are particularly reducing the water supply due to pollution. So, as with other contaminants. Additionally, we are polluting the water for all Earth's creatures by sending chemicals like oil and fertilizers through the rivers. These ultimately end up in the ocean.
Without freshwater, one will die in just a short period. It is a simple yet morbid fact that helps drive the point across, and water is life. Water conservation is the most cost-effective and environmentally sound way to reduce water demand.
The Why and How of Water Conservation
Using the limited water supply wisely and caring for it properly are just a few of the many key ways to conserve water. Remember that we have a limited availability of water supply. This means that we do not have an endless amount of water. Remember that we must understand and learn more about water conservation. Even so, find ways to help preserve and protect the resources for future generations.
Saving Water Saves Energy
Much energy is required to treat water and supply it to your home—the same as a tremendous amount of water expected to cool the power plants that produce electricity.
Heating water for showers, shaving, cooking, and cleaning also uses a significant amount of energy.
That's why it's essential to remember to conserve energy and water in your home. We tend to have longer, hotter showers as the climate gets colder. You can save energy and water by installing a water-efficient shower and reducing the time spent in it.
One of the most effective ways to conserve energy across the region and in your home is to use water more efficiently.
Did you know that?
- Heated water accounts for 39% of the energy used in a typical home.
- Washing your garments in cold water can decrease energy use by up to 80% compared with a warm wash.
- Installing a water-efficient showerhead can reduce your annual expenses by up to $100.
Saving Water Saves Money
Using less water puts your money in your pocket. You can save thousands of gallons of water every year by applying basic water conservation strategies.
For instance, if you have a well and septic system, the extra water released each day will saturate the soil in the septic system's absorption field to a point where extensive repair or replacement is necessary.
Conserving water can extend the system's life and delay the need for repair. If you live in an area serviced by a municipal water system, the greater your water use, the more you pay for water.
Also, water conservation can help prevent water pollution. Overloading a septic system may cause nutrient and bacterial contamination. Of nearby lakes, streams, and drinking water, even the water from your well. The smaller the amount of water flowing through these systems, the lower the likelihood of pollution.
Pollution costs money, too. Excessive weed growth in a lake caused by mineral enrichment from poorly functioning septic systems often means costly weed control measures paid for by you and your neighbors. If they can be repaired, polluted home water wells can cost thousands of dollars.
Saving Water Saves Nature
Saving water likewise decreases the risk of natural disasters such as droughts. We must reuse water in the same amount as we're likely to save significantly.
Saving water turns out to be critical for up-and-coming generations. They won't have enough water accessibility unless we take action from this day forward.
We also need to conserve water for our plants. Earth's oxygen and a large portion of the food originate from plants. Plants also require water for survival.
As the world modernizes, more water will be utilized to enhance the appearance of urban communities and for recreational purposes. We have to consider it, too.
What Can You Do?
We must first understand that the preservation of water is a responsibility that falls to each person. It is to be done as a whole. Government authorities or institutions can only help us save water if we desire to. Right now is a good time to do so.
Reducing water use reduces the energy required to process and deliver it to homes, businesses, farms, and communities. This, in turn, helps reduce pollution and conserve fuel resources.
Cutting off water wastage will enable us to keep up the artistry of a city. Additionally, protecting our natural ecosystems from further damage is crucial, particularly for the survival of certain endangered species. The Great Pacific garbage patch is a great example of the worst side of our wasteful practices.
There are many efficient approaches to preserving water in and around your home. Review this rundown for options that will work for you.
Here are demonstrated means to conserve more water:
In the Kitchen
- Don't leave the water running for rinsing whenever you wash dishes by hand—it's ideal. If you have two sinks, fill one with rinse water. If you have only one sink, use a shower gadget instead of letting the water run. This saves between 200 and 500 gallons of water every month.
- When washing the dishes by hand, use as little detergent as possible. This limits the rinse water needed. This saves 50 to 150 gallons every month.
- Make sure not to defrost frozen foods with running water. Either prepare by putting frozen things in the icebox or refrigerator overnight. Or defrost them in the microwave. This saves 50 to 150 gallons every month.
- Be sure not to run the faucet while cleaning vegetables. Wash them in a sink or container filled with water. This saves between 150 and 250 gallons of water every month.
- Keep a container or bottle of drinking water in the fridge. This beats the inefficient tendency of running tap water to cool it for drinking. This saves 200 to 300 gallons every month.
- Cook foods in less water. This also preserves the nutritional value of the food.
In the Bathroom
- When taking a shower, avoid using cold water while waiting for hot water to reach the showerhead. In a container or pail, catch the water to water the plants outside or flush in your toilet. This saves between 200 and 300 gallons of water every month.
- Examine the toilet for leaks. Place dye tablets or food coloring into the tank. If the color shows up in the bowl without flushing, a leak should be repaired. This saves 400 gallons per month.
- Ensure your toilet is an ultra-low-volume flush model that uses only 1.5 gallons per flush.
- Make sure to turn off the water or faucet while brushing your teeth. This saves three gallons every day.
- Don't Use the Toilet as an Ashtray or Wastebasket. You're wasting gallons of water when you flush a cigarette butt, facial tissue, or other small bits of trash. Please put them in the proper garbage bin.
- Take Shorter Showers. One way to reduce water use is to turn off the shower after soaping up, then turn it back on to rinse. A four-minute shower uses approximately 20 to 40 gallons of water.
In the Laundry Room
A high-efficiency washer is ideal for saving water in the laundry room. It uses less water than the traditional washer. Likewise, it will eliminate more water from the clothes before drying, bringing about shorter dry times. Here are a couple of different tips for saving water in the laundry room:
- Run the washer only when you have a full load.
- To cut your dry time, use wool dryer balls.
- Allow stained clothes to soak in the sink in advance so they don't have to be washed twice.
In the Yard or Garden
- Avoid watering the lawn on windy days. There's excessive evaporation. This can waste up to 300 gallons in a single watering.
- It is better to water during the cool parts of the day. Preferably in the early morning to keep from the development of an organism. This saves 300 gallons.
- If you have a pool, utilize a pool cover to eliminate evaporation. Likewise, it will keep your pool cleaner and reduce the need for chemicals. This saves 1,000 gallons every month.
- Using a pail of soapy water, clean the car and drive it onto a lawn. The water used can help water the grass at the same time. Only use the hose for rinsing - this easy practice can save as much as 150 gallons when washing a car.
- Minimize watering on cool and cloudy days, and refrain from watering during rain. Change or deactivate automatic sprinklers. This can save up to 300 gallons each time.
- Put a layer of mulch around trees and plants. Pieces of bark, peat, greenery, or rock gradually slow down the evaporation process. This saves between 750 and 1,500 gallons of water every month.
For Kids
- Avoid toys that need constant running water. Rather, use a little pool, sports-related toys, and remote-controlled gadgets to enjoy water outside.
- When washing hands, turn off the sink while the kids are soaping up.
- Try not to let children flush tissues or other things down the toilet. In addition to being inefficient, this can also cause serious plumbing issues. Urge your children to use a wastebasket for tissues and other daily essentials they might be lured to flush.
- If your children have a pet fish, reuse the water from the tank as food for your houseplants instead of draining it.
- When washing the dog, ensure you wash them in an area of the yard that requires water, allowing you to carry out two tasks simultaneously. Be sure the soap you use is safe for plants.
- Train kids to consistently turn the faucets firmly to avoid drips and unnecessary water waste.
- Tell your kids not to play with the garden hose. This saves 10 gallons every moment.
- Whenever you allow your kids to play in the sprinklers, ensure it's just when you're watering the yard. Suppose it's not very cool around that time of day.
Saving Water in Special Conditions
At some point, it is necessary to take extra measures to reduce water consumption at home. Although suitable for any situation, these techniques may be especially helpful. When water levels are high around your house, your community water system temporarily loses the capacity to supply adequate water. You should consider these changes:
- Use mulch around trees and shrubs, as well as in garden beds. They significantly reduce the amount of water lost through evaporation, thereby reducing the need for watering.
- Consider using a drip irrigation system in your garden. It supplies water only to the root zones of plants and reduces weeding because it doesn't water areas between crop rows and hills.
- Use only plant varieties that are well-adapted to your local soil conditions. Less suitable varieties may need more fertilizer or water to survive.
- Use the water from your roof downspouts to water your garden and flower beds.
Other Water Conservation Practices
Agricultural Water Conservation Practices
Water-saving irrigation system practices can be categorized into three main areas: field practices, management techniques, and system modifications. These practices include the chisel plow aeration of highly compacted soils, furrow diking to prevent uncontrolled overflow, and leveling the land surface to distribute water equally.
Irrigation Scheduling
Improved irrigation scheduling can reduce the water needed to irrigate a crop successfully by decreasing evaporative losses and providing water when the irrigated plants generally require it. And applying the water in a way that is most appropriate for the irrigated plants. A prudent irrigation rate and timing decision can help farmers keep up yields with less water. In settling on scheduling choices, irrigators ought to consider the following:
- The unpredictable rainfall and the timing of crop water demands.
- The restricted water storage limit of many irrigated soils.
- The limited pumping capacity of most irrigation systems.
- The cost of water and changes in water costs are influenced by the addition of extra operators, which increases water demand.
Irrigation Management
Management procedures include monitoring soil and water conditions, as well as gathering data on water use and efficiency. The techniques incorporate estimating rainfall, determining soil moisture levels, checking pump plant productivity, and scheduling water systems. Usual system adjustments involve expanding drop tubes to a center pivot water system, upgrading wells with smaller pumps, installing a surge or demand water system, and building a tailwater or return flow recovery system.
Industrial and Commercial Consumers' Water Conservation Practices
Water recycling is the reuse of water for a similar application for which it was initially used. Recycled water may require treatment before it can be reused. Cooling water distribution and wastewater recycling are the most broadly used water recycling practices. The accompanying rules ought to be used when considering water reuse and recycling in industrial and commercial applications:
- Identification of water reuse possibilities: Are there zones inside the manufacturing plant or in the production process that presently use water just once that would be agreeable to reuse?
- Determination of the base water amount required for the given use: Are there areas inside the plant or in the production process where more water is being provided than is expected to achieve the purpose?
- Identification of wastewater sources that fulfill the water quality standards: Does the process require consumable or lower-quality water? Can a similar outcome be accomplished with lower-quality water?
- Determination of how the water can be shipped to the new use: What adjustments, assuming any, all the while, or industrial facility might be expected to allow recovery and distribution/recycling of the water presently sent to waste? What might be a different treatment important to reuse this water? What is the general cost of the necessary changes versus the cost of the raw water over the life of the adjustments?
Cooling Water Recirculation
Recycling water within a recirculating cooling system can significantly reduce water usage by reusing the same water for multiple cooling activities. Water savings are commonly significant enough to bring about general cost savings in the industry. Such savings can be considerably more significant if the waste heat is utilized as a heat source elsewhere in the production process. Three cooling water protection approaches are ordinarily used to diminish water consumption: evaporative cooling, ozonation, and heat exchange.
Wastewater Recycling.
Another common use of water by industry is the use of fresh or deionized water to remove contaminants from items and equipment. Deionized water can usually be reused after its initial use, even though the reclamation treatment cost may be as great as or greater than the cost of purchasing raw water from a manufacturer and treating it. Similar processes can be used to create deionized water from municipal water, and these same processes can also be applied to produce deionized water from used washwater. It is also possible to mix used washwater with raw water, resulting in overall water savings. Reusing once-utilized deionized water for an alternative application within the same factory should also be considered a water conservation option. For instance, used washwater might be worth washing vehicles or the factory premises.
Strategies to Support Water Conservation
Conserving water for individual use in urban areas (including household and district use) requires an assessment of both the supply and demand for water.
A part of the strategies that can aid water preservation activities. And handle the water shortage issue, including:
1. Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is essentially a technique for storing water and utilizing it. This is for fair usage on the last day and period. The system features unique units that incorporate rainwater transportation, filtration, and storage of processed water.
It will be more beneficial to install a rainwater storage unit in our homes to save more water.
- Rooftop rainwater harvesting (PDF)
- Micro-catchment water harvesting
- Recharge structures for wells and bore wells
2. Sustainable water usage
A sustainable water supply encompasses a coordinated set of activities and strategies that are interdependent. It relies on the person's ability to conserve water, administrative regulations, changes in the building industry, industrial forms of production, land use, and so forth. The challenge is to make components of direction. How reasonable is it to guarantee the sustainability of the system?
- Minimize domestic water consumption
- Recycling of wastewater
- Improved irrigation methods
3. Encourage natural regeneration of vegetation and supplement with artificial regeneration
Regeneration is 'the renewal of a forest crop by natural or artificial means. Using crops by sowing, planting, and maybe through artificial methods. These have a greater impact on conserving water. The natural and artificial regeneration of vegetation is a dynamic procedure. Life recolonizes land when the vegetation has been somewhat or completely devastated. Life restores lost ground through the progression of species.
4. Maintain and improve the quality of water
Water quality in a waterway impacts how communities use the water for drinking, swimming, or business purposes. Particularly, the group might utilize the water to produce edible fish, shellfish, and crustaceans, protect aquatic ecosystems and wildlife habitats, supply drinking water, and serve other similar purposes.
5. Raising awareness of water conservation
We must all work together because water is a global priority. It is imperative to conserve as much water as possible in any way we can. If not for us, then for the generations to come, and if not for the generation, for the world we live in, the Earth. Building awareness seems simple, yet hard to deliver to the human race. It is easy to start with ourselves at home. Rather than waiting for another person to start conserving, let us, as individuals, initiate conservation.
Most importantly, we must educate everyone about the importance of water. That is the very least we can do to save water. The more we educate people, the more water we save. Every leak in the drainage system should be fixed wherever possible.
Wasting water has become a significant environmental issue, affecting both consumers and industries. It has become essential for people and organizations to find ways to reduce water wastage and conserve it.
There are various approaches to saving water. Conserving is one, and reusing is another. Since we live in a zone that lies in the dry season, it is good to conserve water. This means we can, and using water twice is one great approach to extend this valuable resource further.
Extend your Water Conservation Measures
- Recycle your water whenever and wherever you can. Collect the cold water you run before it's hot enough to shower and use it to water plants or flush the toilet after rinsing water from dishes. Food preparation can be collected and used to soak other dishes.
- Insulate your water pipes. Insulating your water pipes with pre-slit foam pipe insulation is a convenient and cost-effective option. You'll get hot water faster, plus avoid wasting water while it heats up.
- Eat less water-intensive foods. Our diet regimen accounts for about half of all the water we consume. All food has a water footprint, but some products have a significantly larger one than others. Eating less beef, one of the most water-intensive foods, is a smart place to start. Shifting to a plant-based diet can reduce your water footprint.
- Buy less. Consumer products are an often-overlooked source of water use, accounting for up to a third of most people's water footprint, and reducing consumption of these products can help. It can dramatically decrease your water footprint from clothing to electronics to household goods.
Water Facts and Trivia
- The overall amount of water on our planet has remained relatively constant for approximately two billion years.
- Around 39,000 gallons of water are expected to create a vehicle.
- Approximately one billion people require stable access to clean water.
- Cultivating a single head of lettuce requires approximately 6 gallons of water.
- More than 2,600 gallons are needed to deliver a single serving of steak.
- A typical shower utilizes around 25 gallons of water.
- Brushing your teeth utilizes around 10 gallons of water.
- The bathtub utilizes roughly 36 gallons of water.
- Shaving utilizes roughly 20 gallons of water.
- Dishwashing typically uses around 30 gallons of water.
- An automatic dishwasher uses approximately 16 gallons of water per cycle.
- Washing your hands utilizes roughly 2 gallons of water.
- Flushing the toilet uses 5-7 gallons of water for each flush.
- A typical washing machine cycle utilizes 60 gallons of water.
- Watering outside uses around 10 gallons per minute.
Be well-educated. Learn a variety of ways to conserve water by clicking on the following links below:
Water conservation: It all starts with you
Backyard Conservation - Water Conservation
Water Conservation In and Around Your Home
Water-Saving Tips: For Residential Water Use, Indoors and Out
Water Management Plans and Best Practices at EPA
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